The operators: specialists or generalists (1st July 2008)

|{{Operators}}|{{Number of centres}}|{{Selling area in sqm}}|
|McArthurGlen|17|367.100|
|Realm|12|167.550|
|Neinver|10|139.000|
|Value Retail|9|125.600|
|Freeport|3|113.200|
|Concepts & distribution|8|103.300|

On the 1st July 2008, these 6 operators shared :
-* 37% of the existing centres in Europe
-* 47,5% of the european sales area

{Factory stores capture 2.3 % of the French clothing and shoe market and represent a little more than 1% of the turnover achieved by the retail sector. This distribution channel therefore remains marginal, even if we can consider that it has found its customer base.}

{{Distribution among men, women and socioprofessional categories}}
_ Originally confined to seconds and ends of series, the array of products offered in factory stores has widened and the ranges have greatly increased, attracting a much wider palette of consumers. People with average purchasing power have been joined by those with high purchasing power who, up until recently, were, first and foremost, customers of town centre stores. In Troyes, the average purchase basket is 208 €.

{{The fashion effect}}
_ The desire to consume in these centres is maintained by fashion and the feeling that the concept is rare. Fashion awareness is more noticeable on the women’s market than on the men’s market. Today a woman of 60 years wishes to dress fashionably, In just two years some products can be considered to be out of fashion and, whatever the reduction, will not find a purchaser.

{{Greater volume}}
_ Consumers tend to purchase less expensive clothing. The opening of a new retail outlet generates a necessary reduction in sales by other retail outlets. Consumers demand clear rules guaranteeing in the brand centres the presence of products with real information.

{{Shops and leisure activities}}
_ For many, the future of factory stores is based on an alliance between stores and leisure activities. Consumers increasingly wish to enjoy themselves when they make their purchases one to three times a year. This is why brand centres are appearing near large leisure centres or offer, themselves, fun, sports or cultural activities.

{{The brand and the price}}
_ Consumers are seeking an attractive brand at a competitive price. Operators must offer a balanced selection of brands of world renown, brands linked to a fashion phenomenon and more or less prestigious brands that generate visits…

{{Risks and opportunities}}
_ The questions prompted by the installation of a factory store are linked to a number of issues: territorial planning, urbanism, consumers’ rights and the right to competition. Factory stores today pose the same problems as hypermarkets in the past: major growth over twenty years, negative impact on traditional retailers and town centres. The majority of the projects launched in France are also perceived as challenges in the area of local development and territorial stability: a factor in territorial planning, attractiveness, economic development, job creation and trade tax, or a danger for local traditional retailers.

{{Rare or commonplace}}
_ Should we tighten regulations on the installation and extension of brand centres to prevent them becoming commonplace, thus weakening the concept? The existence of too many factory stores could indeed generate their decline and that of brands. By having recourse to them to sell off excess stock, isn’t there the risk that industrialists will destabilise other forms of distribution?

{{Specificity or generalisation}}
_ Can articles other than clothing and household equipment be concerned by this type of distribution?
_ Must projects for such installations be limited to regions that can justify a strong industrial tradition (Roubaix, Troyes, Romans, Cholet, etc.), as certain local elected representatives demand? With, as a result, a ban on any installation in areas that do not have the right due to economic, geographic and historical reasons, although they have a high tourist potential, for instance southern and south-western France?

{{Town centre or outskirts}}
_ At present town centres are no longer as attractive as in the past. In France clothing consumption is marking a downward trend, which means that new factory stores could lead to a transfer of customers from the town centres to these new structures. The challenge consists in strengthening town centres’ power to attract in order to direct the flow of commercial tourists in their direction.
_ In Troyes, we were able to see the negative and positive effects.
_ In personal equipment, the impact on traditional retailers (in particular on retailers in Troyes town centre) has been spectacular. A real shock wave followed the creation of brand centres on the outskirts. This was expressed in a devitalisation of independent retailers, weakened at the same time (as in all French town centres) by the sudden upsurge in organised retailing (franchise outlets, branches, etc.).
The stores that closed down have been replaced by others and the greater number of service providers in the town centre’s did not prevent banners such as H&M from setting up there. Without factory stores, the town of Troyes would not have welcomed close to 2 million visitors in 15 years in its town centre. This commercial tourism has been joined by cultural tourism due to the town’s historical attractions.

{{History or geography}}
_ The reasons for the geographic localisation of a new centre go far beyond the existence of industrial roots and a textile past: motorway links, density of tourist flows (Marne-la-Vallée), population (Paris region), local purchasing power and the proximity of a foreign market are criteria to be taken into account. It goes without saying that territories are competing today as future locations for brand centres.

{{Stocks or relocations}}
_ The selling of excess stocks tops the list of distributors’ and brand managers’ concerns. These excess stocks represent 2 or 3% of the total volume of the market and between 0.7 and 10% of the volume of the products diffused according to the brands and banners.
_ Three possibilities are offered to a firm that wishes to get rid of its excess stock: destruction of the products, sale to discount stores or sale in factory stores. Factory stores offer the firm the advantage of controlling the distribution and, therefore, protecting the brand and the distribution network.

-* Brand stores are raking it in!
-* Brand centres: What performance for what market?
-* Brand centres in France: How are they evolving?
-* Brand centres: « Risks and consequences of their development?» (…)

If you want more information in french [click here->http://www.magdus.fr/Marche-et-tendances-prix-marques]}}}

————

{{{If you want contact us:}}}[->accueil@magdus.com]

{{{FOC’ sector in Europe}}}

{{The operators: specialists or generalists (1st July 2008)}}

|{{Operators}}|{{Number of centres}}|{{Selling area in sqm}}|
|McArthurGlen|17|367.100|
|Realm|12|167.550|
|Neinver|10|139.000|
|Value Retail|9|125.600|
|Freeport|3|113.200|
|Concepts & distribution|8|103.300|

On the 1st July 2008, these 6 operators shared :
-* 37% of the existing centres in Europe
-* 47,5% of the european sales area

{{{More information about FOC’ sector in Europe}}}
_
[{{Economic surveys}}->http://www.magdus.fr/Fonctionnement-des-centres-de]
_ {Source : European Factory Outlet Centres Observatory}

-*[{{All the studies…}}->http://www.magdus.fr/All-the-studies,1495]

-*{{Study: Which factory outlet centre? The UK consumer’s selection criteria}}

{{Author}} : Georgina Whyatt, Business School, Oxford Brookes University.

{{ Abstract :}} Factory outlet centres are the fastest growing retail format in Europe. This is at a time when many ‘traditional’ shopping centres are suffering from consumer caution and have responded by differentiating their offer. Factory outlet centres are part of this response. There has, however, been little academic research that focuses on this new style of shopping centre. This paper examines what is important to the UK factory outlet centre shopper, and ranks a range of choice criteria to better understand why this consumer visits one such centre in preference to another. Implications for retailers and directions for future research are provided.
_
_ {(r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)}
_
-* Read the full version in PDF format

{{{Share of household consumption expenditure on clothing and footwear in 2003}}}

|{{Country}}|{{Share (%)}|
|{{ Greece }}|{{ 10,1}|
|{{ Italy }}|{{ 9,0}|
|{{ Latvia* }}|{{ 8,4}|
|{{ Portugal* }}|{{ 7,1}|
|{{ Cyprus }}|{{ 6,9}|
|{{ Austria }}|{{ 6,9}|
|{{ Slovenia }}|{{ 6,3}|
|{{ Estonia }}|{{ 6,1}|
|{{ Malta* }}|{{ 6,1}|
|{{ United Kingdom }}|{{ 6,0}|
|{{ Spain}}|{{ 5,9}}|
|{{ Lituania }}|{{5,9}}|
|{{ Germany }}|{{5,5}}|
|{{ Netherlands }}|{{5,5}}|
|{{ Belgium }}|{{5,4}}|
|{{ Irland }}|{{5,4}}|
|{{ Sweden }|{{5,2}}|
|{{ Czech Republic }}|{{5,1}}|
|{{ Denmark }}|{{5}}|
|{{ Finland }}|{{4,7}}|
|{{France}}|{{4,5}}|
|{{Luxembourg}}|{{4,5}}|
|{{ Poland }}|{{4,4}}|
|{{ Hungary }}|{{4,2}}|
|{{ Slovakia }}|{{3,7}}|

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{{ Contact}} : [->accueil@magdus.com]

The  »Factory Outlet Centers » concept was imported from the United States where there are more than 340.
After a first wave of penetrations, concerning more particularly France during the 1980s, the concept spread to continental Europe from 1993 onwards.
Early in the 1990s, Clarks, the shoe manufacturer based in Great Britain, seeking both a use for buildings adjoining the factory and a solution to its excess stock problems, opened its first factory store and sold its excess merchandise at reduced prices. Seeing the success of this new store at the factory exit, he decided to increase the commercial offer by adding an entire “village” of stores of the same type.
Clarks then drew inspiration from the American concept, creating the first  »Factory Outlet Center »,  »Clarks Village » in Street (Somerset) in 1993.It was on that date that “ Marques Avenue”, France’s first new generation factory store centre, opened in Troyes.

{{More information about the sector:}}
-*Innovative centres and projects (2007)

{{{Evolution of the concept in Europe : from Factory Outlet Centres to outlet villages (2009)}}}

{{[Download the figure : Evolution of the concept in Europe}}->http://www.magdus.fr/pdf/concept_evolution_in_europe.pdf]

Factory Outlet Centres consisted only in selling unsold articles, but the commercial concept has evolved since the mid-1990s. The progressive orientation of the concept towards “fun shopping” has considerably strengthened the tourist dimension of Factory Outlet Centres. Four generations of centres can be distinguished (cf. figure). This typology, which brings to light the qualitative evolution of the concept, is based on four criteria: the marketing strategy of the centres, their architecture, their location as well as their customer base. All European countries did not experience these four generations of centres – for example, only France has actually experienced the first generation.

{{More information only in french:}}
-*Evolution du concept en Europe (2004)
-*Centres de marques : les nouvelles approches du concept en Europe (2004)

Whilst the concept offers variants in its general aspect (mixed distribution/culture/leisure centres, distribution centres open to several sectors of activity, centres specifically reserved for personal equipment, etc.), there is a common denominator among these different formulas: the brands. But for a centre to function it is not a question of attracting just any brand type. There is, in fact, a real brand typology that must be taken into account in reasoning when planning a centre (from the international brand to the young brand of the moment). The brands fulfil different “functions”: some strengthen a centre’s renown, others tend more to generate visits or make the centre part of a hot trend.

In France, whilst a few industrialists still refuse to see their brands distributed in these specialised centres, there are many who sell their brands through them. This sales method is therefore becoming a real link in the distribution chain.
The quality of the commercial offer makes the concept particularly attractive in the eyes of consumers. The latter do not hesitate to travel considerable distances to purchase in these stores, their motivation stemming from the possibility of purchasing brand products at prices announced as 30 to 50% lower than in traditional distribution channels.
The offer mainly concerns articles of clothing (ready-to-wear, underclothes, lingerie, shoes, accessories) as well as household articles (decoration, household linen, tableware).

{{More information only in french,}} [click here->http://www.magdus.fr/Une-forme-de-distribution-atypique]
-* Main chronological milestones;
-* History of factory stores;
-* Parallel between the development of Aube groups and national centres;
-* In Troyes: «From hosiery to factory stores» (…)

————

_ Contact : [->accueil@magdus.com]

{{{Profil du client des Factory Outlets aux Etats-Unis, décembre 2006}}}
_ Les Factory Outlets occupent une niche spéciale dans le secteur des centres commerciaux. En 2004, ils ont généré approximativement 15 milliards de dollars de ventes, ce qui équivaut environ à 13,6 milliards d’euros. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, les Factory Outlets ont connu une croissance régulière de leur plancher commercial. De même, leur offre commerciale s’est étoffée. Mieux encore, ils sont parvenus à infléchir la perception générale selon laquelle leurs marchandises sont composées de surstocks de qualité inférieure et / ou d’objets provenant de liquidations, de solderies grâce à un repositionnement intelligent opéré par les développeurs de ces centres. Mais, au-delà de ces informations, que savons-nous réellement au sujet des clients des Factory Outlets ?

_ Etude : Profil du client des Factory Outlets aux Etats-Unis, décembre 2006

_ {Source : ICSC RESEARCH REVIEW, V.12, NO.1, 2005.

Traduction: Observatoire européen des magasins d’usine et centres de marques, décembre 2006}

{{{« Le marché du prêt à porter en Inde »}}}
_ Une croissance annuelle à deux chiffres (aux alentours de 10% en 2005) associé au boom de la distribution organisée : le marché indien de l’habillement est convoité aussi bien par les entreprises locales qu’internationales. Il est aujourd’hui à un moment critique de son évolution. En effet, la période de transition vers un secteur structuré a été amorcée dans les années 80. Des étapes majeures ont été franchies : le passage du sur-mesure au prêt-à-porter, la transition vers un style d’habillement occidental, une sensibilité accrue aux marques avec l’apparition des premières enseignes à l’échelle nationale, l’introduction d’entreprises internationales et récemment, la création des premières chaînes de grands magasins et des marques de distributeur.

_ Etude : « Le marché du prêt à porter en Inde »
_ {Source : Fiche synthèse faite par l’ambassade de France en Inde, Mission économique, 20 mai 2006}

————

_ Contact : [->accueil@magdus.com]

{{Alain SALZMAN}}
_ The « Concepts & Distribution » group, formed in 1993, includes the Marques Avenue and Quai des Marques chains, or 100000 square metres of commercial premises in France, it has a 300 million euro turnover and 10 million consumers per year. We are considered to be the leaders in France, notably in terms of our commercial surface area.



{{Richard BROADHEAD}}
_ After spending many years in retail, I have been with Freeport for 18 months. We have 3 sites operating in Europe, one in Sweden, one on the Austrian-Czech border and one in Portugal. Freeport’s objective is to accelerate our developments.



{{Fabrice SCHLOSSER}}
_ What strategy would you adopt to attract customers to a brand centre? Are some designer brands absolutely necessary? Does the ideal brand portfolio exist?



{{Richard BROADHEAD}}
_ Brands are essential to the business of outlet centres. Even if less known local brands can be brought, customers will only visit outlets which offer good brands.



{{Franck VERSCHELLE}}
_ You must not confuse sales marketing, which consists in brand-listing, and marketing to target the customer. Marketing depends on where the brand centre is located. For example, Troyes has a very small trading area, 240000 inhabitants less than one hour away. Marketing for a brand centre situated at Troyes therefore is linked with road travel.



{{Alain SALZMAN}}
_ You have to put yourself in the shoes of the consumer and give him what he wants. Similarly, you have to attract the brands that are looking for a strategic location and who want to have a presence close to other, quite specific brands. Brands and prices are the two keys to success. Some brands, such as Adidas, Nike and Puma are mainstays in the sports brand sphere. But they change – ten years ago, Puma was unknown.



{{Franck VERSCHELLE}}
_ It is important to be the first to market a brand and to make a distinction between the brands selected as a function of the location.



{{Richard BROADHEAD}}
_ Adding on, in terms of the consumer, some outlet centre locations are easier to operate than others. A slightly more complicated example is the outlet centre on the Austrian-Czech border. With different countries, languages, currencies, and economies, it is important to know the consumer’s profile but it is easy in general.



{{Fabrice SCHLOSSER}}
_ Is it positive for a brand centre to bring in other sectors of business?



{{Alain SALZMAN}}
_ Yes, because consumers like new things, in fact that is what draws them in. But we have to remain faithful to the brand centre concept, that is marketing unsold branded stock. Not many sectors are affected by the issue of unsold stock. We refuse to sell computer equipment, because high-tech products become obsolete very quickly.



{{Franck VERSCHELLE}}
_ Textiles are the most profitable sector (90 % of our sales) but we have diversified (Seb, Black & Decker, etc.) to complement our market offering.



{{Richard BROADHEAD}}
_ The brands are the core of the business (fashion and sports). Most outlets have diversified their offer and there is room for home wear. With more people owning their own homes, it will become a new trend. Internet is important but it is a much more difficult environment to successfully operate order business because of the consistency of stock and sizing.



{{Franck VERSCHELLE}}
_ An application to open a centre is more easily accepted by the Commission départementale d’équipement commercial (CDEC) if it includes 80% textiles and 20% complementary products.



{{Alain SALZMAN}}
_ I’m not so sure! Other sectors than ready-to-wear and home ware are promising.
New concepts to attract customers.



{{Fabrice SCHLOSSER}}
_ Today, the concept of a shopping-cum-tourism package is very in vogue in the brand centres.



{{Franck VERSCHELLE}}
_ We try to build our centres according to this rationale, because it corresponds to customer expectations. Moreover, as a result of this change, the impact on traditional shopkeepers in neighbouring towns, measured for the CDEC file, is becoming positive. For example, at Troyes, there are five million visitors per year. However, 3.8 million of these do not come from the trading area. Of this last category, 26% spend money (excluding hotels and restaurants) in the Troyes area.



{{Fabrice SCHLOSSER}}
_ How do you stimulate people to travel to the centres?



{{Alain SALZMAN}}
_ Brand centres must develop in synergy with their environment, and in particular with the high-street shops, in order to encourage development of commercial tourism. If we remain faithful to our concept, that is to say marketing excess branded stock from previous seasons, it is perfectly possible to co-habit with the high-street shops.



{{Fabrice SCHLOSSER}}
_ How do you encourage commercial tourism?



{{Richard BROADHEAD}}
_ The commercial tourism is the best opportunity to develop partnerships with local people and city centres. The operator needs to plan ahead, and to hire the right people to run the centre. There are ways to promote commercial tourism. Just to name a few, operators need to build relationships with local tourism offices and make sure the outlet is present in the literature.



{{Franck VERSCHELLE}}
_ We have to work with tourism specialists to animate the shopping-cum-tourism package (tour operators, low-cost airlines, etc.).



{{Fabrice SCHLOSSER}}
_ Do you now want to build brand centres only in tourist spots?



{{Alain SALZMAN}}
_ No. Our location choices take into account the trading areas, major roads and motorway traffic capacity.



{{Fabrice SCHLOSSER}}
_ There is a lot said about brand centre architecture and the intention to make theme centres, to make them localised. Can this idea be extended to most brand centres?



{{Franck VERSCHELLE}}
_ Yes, it is a method of attracting customers to new brand centres.



{{Alain SALZMAN}}
_ At the same time, this strategy can be a trap. In Italy, an architect was inspired by imperial Rome for his brand centre design. This concept goes too far; the role of brand centres is not to reinvent the town!

{{ {Discussions with the floor} }}

{{Eric DECOUVELAERE}} (McArturGlen)
_ I agree with you. An ugly centre that offers advantageous prices and good brands works! So we must continue to build less aesthetic brand centres! Rome attracts five million tourists a year. In the McArthurGlen brand centre in Rome you referred to, we try to offer a little more than a mere commercial offering. Let us not get the importance of this experiment out of proportion.



{{Fabrice SCHLOSSER}}
_ Franck Verschelle, your activity is similar to a theme park.



{{Franck VERSCHELLE}}
_ Our activity is close to that of a theme park, because when you come to us, it is a real experience! Many people travel great distances to come.



{{Patrick de JAMBLINNE}} (EIC Group)
_ Could Manchester United be a marketing argument?



{{Richard BROADHEAD}}
_ While operating a city centre in the South of the United Kingdom, we were in relation with the retailer from Southampton. People want to enjoy destinations, therefore architecture and design can add to the value of an outlet.



{{Eric DONNET}} (Ixis Aew Europe)
_ Can you cope with Internet competition?



{{Alain SALZMAN}}
_ Twenty years ago, brand centres emerged, because the brands wanted to protect their image. In fact, the discount sellers were not offering sufficient profitability or guarantee in terms of image. The risk for the brand image is huge on Internet. In addition, the profit-earning potential for the brands is greater in brand centres than on Internet, and retail outlets share this risk. That is why, either they do not use this marketing channel at all, or they use it rarely (two or three times a year). So we are not worried. All forms of trading must be able to exist together.



{{Franck VERSCHELLE}}
_ The customer buys everywhere, via various distribution channels. Traditional trading (of labelled designer items) has been going on for a long time, Internet has not caused shopping centres or shops selling the same products to close.



{{Richard BROADHEAD}}
_ A good outlet in a good location run by a good team is a destination. The outlet centre has a strong and long future.

_ The architecture of Factory Outlet Centres in Europe is the object of questions, even controversies. The style « village » undergone by deep criticisms. This architecture took a major place in the sector and the actors are many to wonder if it dominates the market today. If the architecture of the centres establishes an essential element of their image, it seems marginal, even absentee of the studies dedicated to the Factory Outlet Centres in Europe. Nevertheless the architectural tendencies reflect the evolution of the concept. The architecture appears among the key factors allowing to distinguish four generations of Factory Outlet Centres which have succeeded in Europe since the middle of the 1980s. This study, entirely dedicated to the architecture of Factory Outlet Centres in Europe, brings to light the place that occupy the various architectural styles within the sector. An English version of this study will be available soon.
_
-* Read the full study in PDF (french only)

La loi LME a modifié le régime des soldes. Depuis le 1er janvier 2009, leur durée a été réduite à 5 semaines (contre 6 auparavant) et chaque commerçant a à sa disposition 2 semaines, qualifiées de « flottantes  » qu’il peut utiliser à sa convenance. L’Observatoire Magdus a mené une enquête auprès des directions de centres de magasins d’usine et de marques en France afin de recueillir leurs remarques et pour certains leur premier retour d’expérience concernant cette nouvelle mesure. Cette enquête a notamment permis de mettre en lumière les difficultés d’organisation liées à ces premiers soldes flottants, en particulier l’absence de consensus des boutiques des centres sur les dates de ces soldes.

{{Lire l’intégralité de l’étude:}}

{{{En Europe : un concept attractif}}}

Les  »Factory Outlet Centers » constituent le phénomène du nouveau millénaire dans le domaine de la distribution. Une idée à l’origine importée des Etats-Unis où l’on en dénombre à l’heure actuelle plus de 340.
_ Après une première vague d’implantations qui a concerné plus particulièrement la France dans le courant des années 80, le  »concept importé » des Etats-Unis s’est généralisé en Europe continentale à partir de 1993.
_ Au début des années 90, Clarks, le fabricant de chaussures basé en Grande-Bretagne, cherchant à la fois un moyen d’exploiter les bâtiments accolés à l’usine, et de résoudre ses problèmes de surstocks, ouvre son premier magasin d’usine, et écoule son surplus de marchandise, à prix réduits. Face au succès de ce nouveau magasin, à la sortie de l’usine, il décide d’augmenter l’offre commerciale en ajoutant un  »village » entier de magasins du même type.
_ Clarks s’inspire alors du concept américain pour créer le premier  »Factory Outlet Center », le  »Clarks Village » à Street (Somerset), en 1993. A cette date s’ouvre aussi à Troyes, le premier centre de magasins d’usine français nouvelle génération :  »Marques Avenue ».

{{{Plus d’infos …}}}
-*Innovation, centres de marques et magasins d’usine (2007)
-*Evolution du concept en Europe (2004)
-*Centres de marques : les nouvelles approches du concept en Europe (2004)

{{{En France : une forme de distribution atypique…}}}

_ Alors qu’il y a à peine plus d’une décennie, il était encore « honteux » pour un industriel d’écouler ses invendus, ses « sur-stocks » et ses produits défectueux par le biais du canal des magasins dits d’usine (on le faisait sans communiquer), aujourd’hui, la tendance semble s’être inversée à en juger par la multiplication du nombre de centres en activité. Si quelques industriels refusent encore de voir leurs marques distribuées dans ces centres spécialisés, nombreux sont ceux qui y sont présents. Ce mode de commerce s’affirme donc comme un véritable maillon de la chaîne de distribution.
_ La qualité de l’offre commerciale proposée (sans jugement de valeur porté sur la qualité des produits mais en observant simplement les marques distribuées) rend le concept particulièrement attractif aux yeux des consommateurs. Ceux-ci n’hésitent pas à venir de loin pour consommer dans ces magasins, leur motivation reposant sur le fait qu’ils peuvent acheter des produits de marques à des prix annoncés à – 30 %, – 50 % par rapport au circuit classique de distribution.
_ Si l’offre proposée porte essentiellement sur les articles d’habillement (prêt-à-porter, sous-vêtements, lingerie, chaussures, accessoires), l’équipement de la maison y est également présent ; il concerne principalement la décoration, le linge de maison et l’art de la table.

{{{Evolution du concept commercial en France : des centres de magasins d’usine aux « villages » de marques (2009)}}}

{{Télécharger le document : Evolution du concept commercial en France : des centres de magasins d’usine aux « villages » de marques « (2009)}}

Si le concept peut proposer des traductions différentes dans son aspect général (centres mixtes distribution/culture/loisirs, centres de distribution ouverts à plusieurs secteurs d’activité, centres spécifiquement réservés à l’équipement de la personne…), un dénominateur commun existe entre ces différentes formules : les marques.

Mais il ne suffit pas d’attirer n’importe quel type de marques pour pouvoir faire fonctionner un centre. En effet, il existe toute une typologie des marques dont il convient de tenir compte dans la logique de programmation d’un centre (de la marque internationale à la jeune marque du moment). Ces marques remplissent des « fonctions » différentes : certaines renforcent la notoriété du centre, d’autres sont plus génératrices de flux ou encore permettent d’inscrire le centre dans les tendances du moment.

Ce constat souligne la nécessité, pour les opérateurs, d’avoir, d’une part, une certaine habitude de travail avec la sphère industrielle, et, d’autre part, une parfaite connaissance du « monde » des marques.

{{{Plus d’infos …}}}
-*Projets de création et d’extension de centres de magasins d’usine : bilan des décisions en CDEC, CNEC entre 2004 et 2006 (2007)
-*Historique des magasins d’usine (2004)
-*Principaux repères chronologiques (2004)
-*A Troyes : « De la bonneterie aux magasins d’usine » (2004)
-*Parallèle entre l’évolution des ensembles aubois et des centres nationaux (2004)

{{Pour toutes informations complémentaires, n’hésitez pas à prendre contact avec nous au courriel suivant : [->accueil@magdus.com]}}

{{{United States}}}